Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 发现化石人

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Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  How can anthropologists learn about the history of ancient peoples who have not left written records?

2  Why did ancient men prefer to use flint for making tools?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: preserve(1.3); recount(1.3); migrations (1.4); anthropologists (1.5); remote (1.5); decay (1.13); without trace(1.14).

Sentence structure  句子结构

A Combine the following statements to make complete sentences. Add conjunctions and relative pronouns of your own and omit the words or phrases in italics. Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  These legends are useful. They can tell us something about migrations of people. These people lived long ago. None could write down what they did. (11.4-5)

2  The first people who were like ourselves lived long ago. Even  their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. (11.8-9)

3  Archaeologists have no history to help them to find out where the first ‘modern men’ came from. Archaeologists have no legends to help them to find out where the first modern men came from. (11.9-10)

4  Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint. This is easier to shape than other kinds.(11.11-12)

5  They may also have used wood and skins. These have rotted away. (1.12)

B Write a sentence to describe the work of an archaeologist.

C Write three short sentences on the history of early man using the following words in each sentence:

1  Written records.

2  Sagas.

3  Stone tools.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying:

The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends which have been handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.

We can say:

The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of story tellers to another. (11.2-4)

Write sentences using the following phrases:

tools made of stone; legends recorded; remains found.

B  Note the use of tell in this sentence:

They can tell us something about migrations of people. (11.4-5)

Supply the correct form of say or tell in these sentences:

1  What did he ____ to you?

2  He ____ everybody that he had been ill.

3  Did you ____ that you have written a novel?

4  I can't ____ you about it now.

C  Note the use of where…from in this sentence:

Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples came from. (11.5-6)

Write two sentences using the same construction with the verbs  get and buy.

D  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying:

So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first‘modern men’ came from.(11.9-10)

We can say:

So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them find out where the first ‘modern men’ came from.

Write two sentences using these expressions: help me to lift; helped me make.

E  Supply the word the where necessary in this paragraph. Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

Fortunately, however, ____ ancient men made ____ tools of ____ stone, especially ____ flint, because this is easier to shape than ____ other kinds. They may also have used ____ wood and ____ skins, but these have rotted away. ____ stone does not decay, and so ____ tools of long ago have remained when even ____ bones of ____ men who made them have disappeared without trace. (11.11-14)

F  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying: It is possible that they used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.

We can say:

They may have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. (1.12)

Write these sentences again using the construction with may  have.

1  It is possible that your mother called when you were out.

2  It is possible that you left your umbrella in the waiting  room.

3  It is possible that he changed his mind.

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  parts (1.2)----places

Ancient rock paintings have been found in many parts of Spain and Portugal.

Of all the wonderful places in Italy, Florence and Venice are the two that most tourists wish to see.

2  history (1.3)----story

We often know little about the history of our own times.

Climb into bed and I'll read you a bedtime story.

(Please note: a story is an account, often fictional, of what happened in someone's experience; history is a factual account of past public or universal events)

3  wonder (1.5)----wander

I wonder if we've made a mistake here.

I love wandering around second-hand bookshops.

4  like (1.8)----as

There's no one like you.

Please do as I say.

5  find out (1.9)----find

What we have to do now is find out why the accident happened.

I'm sure I've already paid this bill, but I can't find the receipt.

6  ancient (1.11)----old

Property developers often have little regard for ancient/old  buildings. (old in terms of time; ancient = old in terms of history)

World leaders are often old men.

Mr. Briggs is an old friend of mine. (= one I have known for a long time)

7  tool (1.11)----instrument

We need some basic tools like a hammer and a screwdriver.

A dentist's instruments need to be constantly sterilized.

8  stone (1.11)----rock

The old church is full of beautiful stone sculptures.

Rocks had fallen from above, making the roads impassable.

9  skin (1.12)----leather

I've such a bad skin, I'm always coming out in spots.

Shoes made of real leather have become so expensive.

B  Study the use of happen in these sentences:

We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago…(1.1)

He happened to be an archaeologist.

It happened that he knew the answer.

Complete the following sentences:

1  Do you happen ____?

2  It so happens that ____.

3  Can you tell me what ____?

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension 理解

1  In illiterate societies, story-telling is a way of ____.

(a) teaching people how to write

(b) allowing us to find out about things that happened 5,000  years ago

(c) passing knowledge of the past from one generation to another

(d) preserving sagas recounted by story-tellers

2  It is extremely likely that ancient people ____.

(a) moved from one place to another

(b) came from Indonesia

(c} have left us information about their migrations

(d) preserved their sagas and legends

3  Anthropologists have been curious about ____.

(a) how Indonesia came to be inhabited

(b) how the Polynesian islands came to be inhabited

(c) why the Polynesian people travelled from Indonesia

(d) how the sagas told by ancient people were written

4  Though wood and skins rot away, anthropologists can learn a great deal from ____.

(a) materials that are easy to shape

(b) the bones of men who made tools

(c) stones that do not decay

(d) ancient tools made from stone

Structure  句型

5  In some parts of the world people are still ____ to write. (11.1-2)

a.incapable

b.impotent

c.enable

d.unable

6  They can preserve their history ____ down legends. (1.3)

a.by hand

b.by handing

c.to hand

d.in hand

7  The ____ why these legends are useful is that they tell us about migrations. (1.4)

a.cause

b.effect

c.why

d.reason

8  There weren't ____ of them who could write down what they did.(1.5)

a. any

b. none

c. no one

d. no

Vocabulary 词汇

9  The only way they can preserve their history is to ____ stories.  (11.2-3)

a.tell

b.make

c.say

d.recount

10  The people who lived long ago could not ____ their history.(1.5)

a.make

b.know

c.record

d.note

11  Some sagas tell us about the ____ of Polynesian peoples.(11.6-7)

a.origin

b.ancestors

c.explanation

d.legend

12  Tools made of stone, especially flint, were made by ____ (1.11)

a.old men

b.men who lived long ago

c.men of old

d.past men

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