Comprehension 理解
Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.
1 How is the echo-location principle applied to measure the depth of the sea?
2 Why do the sounds reflected by solid objects vary?
3 What use do bats make of the principle of echo-location?
Vocabulary 词汇
Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: strictly utilitarian (1.2); vicinity (1.4); elapse (1.5); tapping (1.5); apparatus (1.8); shoal (1.9); comparatively (1.9); emit (1.13); steer clear (11.13-14).
Sentence structure 句子结构
A Combine the following sentences to make one complex statement out of each group．Make any changes you think necessary, but do not alter the sense of the original．Refer to the passage when you have finished the exercise:
1 Not all sounds made by animals serve as language．We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bats．We can see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role．(11.1-2)
2 A sound can be made by tapping on the hull of ship．It will be reflected from the sea bottom．We can measure the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes．The depth of the sea at that point can be calculated．(11.5-7)
3 Every solid object will reflect a sound．This varies according to the size and nature of the object．(11.8-9)
4 With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible to locate a shoal．It is possible to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo．(11.10-12)
5 A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks.
They received echoes．They could locate obstacles.
They could stear clear of obstacles．They could locate flying insects on which they fed．(11.13-14)
B Without referring to the passage write three sentences indicating three different uses of the principle ofecho - location.
Key structures 关键句型
A Compare these two sentences:
Instead of saying: If we wish to get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.
We can say: To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions．(1.3)
Complete the following sentences:
1 To understand ______.
2 To enjoy ______.
3 To succeed _____.
B Supply a, an, or the where necessary in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
Everyone knows that if he shouts in _____ vicinity of ______ wall or ________ mountainside, ___ echo will come back．______ further off this solid obstruction, ______ longer time will elapse for ___ return of ______ echo．_______ sound made by tapping on _____ hull of _____ ship will be reflected from ________ sea bottom, and by measuring _______ time interval between ________ taps and _______ receipt of ______ echoes _______ depth of _______ sea at that point can be calculated．Sowas born _______ echo - sounding apparatus, now in _____ general use in ______ ships．Every solid object will reflect ______ sound, varying according to _____ size and _____ nature of _____ object．_______ shoal of _______ fish will do this．So it is ________ comparatively simple step from locating ________ sea bottom to locating ______ shoal of _______ fish．(11.3-10)
C Study the form of the verbs in italics in these sentences:
A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated．(11.5-7) It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they can locate … obstacles．(11.13-14) Write three sentences in the same way using by followed by the -ing form of a verb．
D Note that the verb compared is followed by with in this sentence: Echo-location in bats is … compared with radar …(11.14-15)
Supply with, for, or to in the following sentences:
1 I have been corresponding _____ him for many years.
2 He was arrested and charged ______ murder.
3 How much do you charge _______ this service?
4 I can't provide you ________ all the things you need．
5 We have provided _____ every emergency.
6 Did you apply ________ that job?
7 If you want a loan you should apply ______ the bank.
8 He's much too quick for me．I just can't compete ______ him.
Special difficulties 难点
A Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.
1 sound (1.1) ---- echo (1.2)
Don't make a sound, any of you!
The echo of the gunfire died away, and the valley was quiet again.
2 discovery (1.1) ---- invention (1.3)
The discovery of oil in Alaska was a boon to the economy.
The invention of personal computers was a very important event in the second half of the twentieth century.
3 appreciation (1.3) ---- estimation
He lacks a realistic appreciation of the situation.
In my estimation, you'll need twelve rolls of wallpaper.
4 obstruction (1.5) ---- obstacle (1.14)
There's an obstruction in the fuel pipe.
Fear of change is the greatest single obstacle to progress.
5 steer (1.13) ---- drive
The captain steered his ship into the harbour.
It's quite possible to drive from Geneva to London in a day.
B Supply the missing words in these sentences:
1 Not all the sounds made _______ animals serve as language．(1.1)
2 This camera was made _________ Japan.
3 Glass is made ____ sand and lime.
4 This watch is made____ gold．
C Explain the word experience in these sentences:
1 With experience it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish.(11.10-11)
2 He is a very experienced surgeon.
3 It was one of the strangest experiences I have ever had．
D What does the phrase to tell if mean in this sentence:
It is now possible to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish．(11.10-11)
Write two sentences using to tell if.
E Note the spelling of echoes(1.12)．Write the plural of the following words: potato, piano, tomato, solo.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension 理解
1 What happens if you shout on a mountainside?
a．You will be able to measure distance.
b．Nothing.
c．It will take a long time for an echo to come back.
d．You will hear an echo.
2 You can measure the depth of the sea by ____.
a．shouting so you get back an echo
b．tapping on the hull of a ship
c．working out how long it takes to get an echo from the sea bottom
d．calculating the reflection
3 The echo-location principle means you can even ____.
a．locate and distinguish different species of fish
b．hear a fish's echo
c．improve the apparatus now in use
d．easily catch different species of fish
4 Bats use echo-location to ____.
a．see where they're going
b．avoid bumping into things
c．avoid flying insects
d．emit squeaks
Structure 句型
5 Not ____sound made by animals serves as language．(l.1)
a．every
b．each
c．the whole
d．the entire
6 We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case ____the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role．(11.1-2)
a．which
b．where
c．when
d．why
7 ____ he shout in the vicinity of a wall, an echo will come back．(1.4)
a．Should
b．If
c．When
d．Though
8 ____ the echo-sounding apparatus was born．(11.7-8)
a．Such
b．The way
c．That's how
d．Like this
Vocabulary 词汇
9 The voice plays a strictly ____ role．(1.2)
a．secondary
b．important
c．usual
d．practical
10 A sound made by ____ the hull of a ship - (11.5-6)
a．hitting
b．knocking
c．beating
d．bashing
11 The sound varies ____the size and nature of the object．(11.8-9)
a．depending on
b．relating to
c．influencing
d．by
12 A ____ of fish will do this．(1.9)
a．class
b．herd
c．school
d．flock