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Lesson 32 Galileo reborn 伽利略的复生

Lesson 32 Galileo reborn 伽利略的复生

时间:2015-01-21 06:56点击:
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Comprehension 理解

Answer these questions:

1 State in a sentence the main difference between the old and the modern view of Galileo.

2 How does the author justify Galileo's contemporaries' failure to see what he saw?

Vocabulary 词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using consciousness (1.12); profoundly modified (1.12); consequences (1.16); potentialities (1.17); contrivance (1.23); distort (1.24).

Summary 摘要

A Drawing your information from the last paragraph (lines 11-24), write a list of points in note form to answer the following question: How has a closer study of the evidence profoundly modified the old view of Galileo?

B Using this list of points, reconstruct the author's argument in not more than 90 words. Your answer should be in one paragraph.

Composition 作文

Write a composition of about 300 words on the following subject:

‘New ideas can never be readily accepted by those who cling to old beliefs.’

Argue in favour of this statement. You may use some or all of the ideas given below if you wish:

1 Why new ideas are resisted: prejudice, fear, narrow sensibilities. Examples: the length of time the views of Aristotle and Ptolemy persisted. Copernicus' reluctance to publish his work.

2 New ideas which are resisted when they first make their appearance are gradually assimilated until they finally become commonplace. Examples: The observation of Copernicus that the earth goes round the sun; the views of Galileo: the scientific method; Kepler's ideas on planetary motions; Darwin's idea of evolution; Freud's ideas on psychology.

3 There are, however, exceptions. Some great ideas have been accepted almost without question from the time they made their appearance: Newton's ideas on gravitation were acclaimed in the eighteenth century just as Einstein's ideas on relativity were acclaimed in the twentieth.

Key structures 关键句型

A Supply the missing words in the following paragraph. Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

He had been the first to turn a telescope ____the sky, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together. He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower ____Pisa and dropped various weights ____the top, who rolled balls ____inclined planes, and then generalized the results ____his many experiments ____the famous law ____free fall. (11.7-10)B Supply a or the where necessary in the following paragraph. Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

But____ closer study of ____evidence, supported by____ deeper sense of____ period, and particularly by ____new consciousness of ____philosophical undercurrents in ____scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of____ Galileo. Today, although ____old Galileo lives on in____ many popular writings, among ____historians of____ science ____new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. (11.11-14)

C Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying: Using a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument.

We can say: To use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument. (11.18-19)

Write sentences which begin with the following words: To build; Reading; To eat; Smoking.

Special difficulties 难点

A Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1 plane (1.10) ---- plain

The problem of drawing this on paper is the problem of representing a three-dimensional object in a single plane.

The mountain rises sharply from the plain.

2 popular (1.13) ---- folk

You can always hear a lot of popular songs on radio request programs.

Some composers like Bartok made use of folk music.

3 sympathy (1.14) ---- affection

Those children need a lot more than sympathy now that they've lost their mother.

His affection for his family is obvious.

4 blame (1.17) ---- accuse

Don't blame me for our missing the train. You didn't allow enough time.

He was falsely accused of stealing.

5 refuse (1.19) ---- deny

I offered to pay him for his help but he refused.

The secretary denies all knowledge of the missing letter.

6 scratch (1.21) ---- scrape

You're bound to get one or two scratches in the paintwork as soon as you begin using the car. (= lines that make the surface imperfect)

We listened to the scrape of heavy furniture being dragged across the floor upstairs. (= the process of one thing being pushed across another roughly)

B Explain the meaning of the verb settle in these sentences:

1 Have you settled down in your new house yet?

2 I settled down in an armchair to read a book.

3 I shall settle my account next week.

4 We must settle this problem once for all.

5 His ancestors settled in Boston in the eighteen fifties.

C Note the use of on in this sentence to indicate continuity:

The old Galileo lives on in many popular writings. (1.13)

Write sentences using the following verbs: keep on; carry on; go on; drive on; walk on; read on.

D Explain the verbs in italics:

1 To use a telescope calls for long experience. (1.18)

2 I'll call on you on my way home from work.

3 I'll call you up at the office tomorrow morning.

4 It's impossible to have a party tomorrow. Why don't we call the whole thing off?

5 May I leave this suitcase here? I'll call for it later.

6.I think you'd better call in a doctor.  

Multiple choice questions 多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension 理解

1 Before Galileo, people

a.did exactly as they were told because of their fear of the Inquisition ____.

b.believed what they read in Aristotle and Ptolemy

c.made observations about the universe by using telescopes

d.depended on the evidence of their eyes to understand the universe

2 The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated probably because ____.

a.he was the first to turn a telescope to the sky

b.he put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients

c.he performed various experiments with weights and balls

d.we considered his achievements from only one point of view

3 Before we had a better understanding of the period, we probably ____.

a.overrated Galileo's achievements

b.underrrated Galileo's achievements

c.were over-critical of his opponents

d.agreed with his opponents

4 We have to conclude that in Galileo's time, optical instruments were ____.

a.sufficiently developed to enhance our view of the sky

b.rather primitive

c.full of scratches left by glass grinders

d.created to produce not truth but illusion

Structure 句型

5 The scientific dust settled ____. (11.1-2)

a.a long time ago

b.since a long time

c.for a long time still

d.a long time yet

6 Before modern times, Galileo ____a problem child for historians. (1.3)

a.did not

b.had not been

c.has not been

d.was not

7 Before Galileo, no one ____a telescope to the sky. (11.7-8)

a.was turning

b.had turned

c.has turned

d.will turn

8 Can we blame those who looked and failed to see____Galileo saw? (11.17-18)

a.that

b.the which

c.which

d.the things that

Vocabulary 词汇

9 Today we can see even his famous ____with the Inquisition…(1.2)

a.crash

b.contrast

c.conflict

d.opposition

10 He was, above all, a man who____the prejudices of the Aristotelians. (11.4-5)

a.had a low opinion of

b.condemned

c.accepted

d.denied

11 A closer study of the evidence has profoundly ____this view of Galileo. (1.11-13)

a.confirmed

b.altered

c.increased

d.sharpened

12 The old Galileo lives on in many ____.

a.writings by different people

b.writings of the people

c.widely read and admired writings 

d.folk tales